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{{Infobox_Monarch | name =Victor Emanuel III| title =King of Italy, Caesar of
Ethiopia, King of Albania, [1900 -
May 9,
1946, [1900| successor =[Umberto II of Italy| consort =
Elena of Montenegro,
[Princess Mafalda of Savoy,
Umberto II of Italy,
Giovanna of Italy,
Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy.| royal house =House of Savoy| father =[Umberto I of Italy| mother =
Margherita of Savoy| date of birth =November 11, 1869, [Italy, [1947, [Egypt, [1869 –
28 December, 1947) was King of Italy
Italy (29 July,
1900 –
9 May, 1946), briefly claimed the titles of Emperor of Ethiopia
Ethiopia (1936–1943) and King of Albania Albania (1939–
1943). During his long reign, Victor Emmanuel III saw two world wars and the birth, rise and fall of
Fascism.
Biography
Early years
Victor Emanuel was born in
Naples, the only child of Umberto I of Italy, King of Italy and his consort, Margherita of Savoy, daughter of the duke of Genoa. He ascended the throne in 1900 upon his father's
assassination.
The only advice that his father Umberto ever gave his heir was that "
Remember: to be a king, all you need to know is how to sign your name, read a newspaper, and mount a horse". His early years showed evidence that, by the standards of the Savoy monarchy, he was a man committed to constitutional government. Indeed, even though his father was killed by an anarchism, the new king showed a commitment to constitutional freedoms.
Though Italy was a parliamentary democracy, the monarchy possessed considerable residual powers, including the right to appoint the Prime Minister, even if the individual in question did not command majority support in the Chamber of Deputies. A shy and somewhat backward individual, the King hated the day-to-day stresses of Italian politics, though the country's chronic political instability forced him to intervene no less than ten times between 1900 and 1922 to prevent parliamentary crises.
When World War I began, Italy remained neutral at first. However, in
1915, Italy signed several secret treaties committing to enter the war on the side of the Allies. Most of the people opposed war, however, and the
Italian Chamber of Deputies forced
Prime Minister of Italy Antonio Salandra to resign. Victor Emmanuel, however, declined Salandra's resignation and made the decision to enter the war himself. He legally had the right to make this decision under the
Statuto Albertino, popular opposition to the war notwithstanding. However, the corrupt and disorganised war effort, the stunning loss of life suffered by the Italian army, especially at the great defeat of
Battle of Caporetto, and the economic depression that followed the war turned the King against what he perceived as an inefficient political bourgeoisie.
Support to Mussolini
The economic depression had given rise to much extremism among the sorely-tried working classes, and Benito Mussolini took advantage of this instability for his rise to power, which led to the March on Rome. Prime Minister Luigi Facta and his cabinet drafted a decree of martial law, but the King refused to sign it. The King suggested that his armed forces could not have defended the city against the Fascist march, though testimony from the military leaders and surviving military records challenge his claim.
Fascist violence had been growing in intensity throughout the summer and autumn of 1922, climaxing with the rumours of a possible coup. Victor Emmanuel had all the means at his disposal to sweep Mussolini and his rag-tag
Blackshirt army to one side. Pietro Badoglio told the King that military would be able to rout the rebels, no more than 10,000 men, without any difficulty. Thereupon Victor Emmanuel ordered
Luigi Facta, then Prime Minister, to protect Rome and draw up decree proclaiming martial law.
The troops were totally loyal to the King. Even Cesare Maria De Vecchi, commander of the Blackshirts, and one of the organisers of the March on Rome, told Mussolini that he would not act against the wishes of the monarch. It was at this point that the Fascist leader considered leaving Italy altogether. But then, in the minute before midnight, he received a telegram from the King inviting him to Rome. By midday on 30 October he had been appointed Prime Minister, at the age of thirty-nine, with no previous experience of office, and with only 35 Fascist deputies in the Chamber. Thus it was that Italian democracy died.
Later, the King's failure, in the face of mounting evidence, to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power (including, as early as 1924, the notorious assassination of
Giacomo Matteotti and other opposition MPs) led to much criticism. Though the King claimed in his memoirs that it was the fear of a civil war that motivated his actions, it would seem that he received some 'alternative' advice, possibly from Antonio Salandra, an ultra conservative politician and former Prime Minister, and
Armando Diaz, that it would be better to do a deal with Mussolini. There were also pro-Fascist elements in his immediate family, including Margherita of Savoy, his mother.
Whatever the circumstances, Victor Emmanuel showed weakness in a position of strength, with dire future consequences for Italy and for the monarchy itself. It has been alleged that Victor Emmanuel's decisions showed not only poor judgment but also undemocratic sentiments. What is not in doubt is that Fascism offered political stability and opposition to left-wing radicalism. This appealed to many people in Italy at the time, and certainly to the King. In many ways, the events from 1922 to 1943 demonstrated that the monarchy and the moneyed class, for different reasons, felt Mussolini and his regime offered an option that, after years of political chaos, was more appealing than what they perceived as the alternative:
socialism and anarchism. Both the spectre of the
Russian Revolution of 1917 and the tragedies of World War I played large roles in these political decisions.
The Italian monarchy enjoyed popular support for decades. Foreigners noted how even as late as the 1940s newsreel images of King Victor Emmanuel and his strikingly beautiful Queen Elena, born a Princess of Montenegro, evoked applause, sometimes cheering, when played in cinemas, in contrast to the hostile silence shown toward images of Fascist leaders. Several of Victor Emmanuel's decisions, however, proved fatal to the monarchy.
Among these was the assumption of the crown of
Ethiopia, which was not universally accepted, after the Italian Army had invaded what was then known in the west as
Abyssinia and overthrown
Emperor Haile Selassie, in 1935-36. In addition, Victor Emanuel kept a public silence in
1938, when the Fascist government, under
Hitlerite pressure, issued its notorious racial purity laws, leaving his
Jewish subjects open to persecution. These laws (about which he did make some complaints to Mussolini in private) constituted a clear violation of both his
Coronation oath and his Oath of office. The fact that large numbers of Italians risked their lives to save not only their Jewish fellow citizens but also Jewish refugees from other countries only deepened their contempt for a King who had dragged them into an alliance with the Germans that they had never wanted.
Final efforts to save crown & country
Victor Emmanuel called Mussolini to the palace on July 25,
1943; removed him from office and named Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Mussolini's replacement. He then renounced the usurped Ethiopian and Albanian crowns in favor of the legitimate monarchs of those states, Emperor
Haile Sellassie I of Ethiopia and King
Zog I of Albania.
Victor Emmanuel then made another blunder when he negotiated a surrender to the Allies without ordering the army to defend Rome. Left without orders, the army virtually disintegrated; those who didn't surrender joined forces with the Germans. Fearing a German advance, Victor Emmanuel and his government fled south to Brindisi. This choice, though perhaps necessary for his safety, shocked many, including foreign observers. They drew contrasts to
George VI of the United Kingdom and
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, who refused to leave London during
the Blitz, and of
Pope Pius XII, who mixed with Rome's crowds and prayed with them after the working class Roman neighborhood of Quartiere San Lorenzo was bombed and destroyed.
Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son,
Umberto II of Italy, in
April 1943, then appointed him Luogotenente after Rome was liberated in 1944, (relinquishing his remaining power while retaining the royal title). Within a year, public opinion forced a plebiscite to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a republic. In hopes of influencing the vote, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated on
May 9, 1946. It did not work; 54% of the voters favored declaring a republic in the referendum held less than a month later (although widespread irregularities in the vote have been alleged, particularly in southern Italy), and the Savoy family was required to leave the country.
Taking refuge in Egypt, Victor Emmanuel died in Alexandria in 1947 and was buried there.
Legacy
He has been seldom treated sympathetically by historians. His almost forced abdication on the eve of a
referendum on the future of the Italian monarchy achieved nothing — being too little, far too late. At worst, it reminded undecided voters of the role the monarchy and the King's own actions (or inactions) had played during the Fascist period, at precisely the moment when monarchists were hoping that voters would focus on the positive impression created by Umberto II of Italy and Marie-José of Belgium as the de facto monarchs of Italy since 1944. The 'May' King and Queen, Umberto and Maria José, in their brief, month-long reign, were unable to shift the burden of recent history and opinion.
Ancestors
{| class="wikitable"|+
Victor Emmanuel III's ancestors in three generations|-|-| rowspan="8" align="center"|
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy| rowspan="4" align="center"|
Father:[Umberto I of Italy| align="center"|
Paternal Great-grandfather:[Charles Albert of Sardinia|-| rowspan="2" align="center"|
Paternal Grandmother:[Maria Adelaide of Austria|-| align="center"|
Paternal Great-grandmother:[Princess Elisabeth of Savoy-Carignan| rowspan="2" align="center"|
Maternal Grandfather:[Ferdinand, 1st Duke of Genoa|-|align="center"|
Maternal Great-grandmother:[Maria Teresa of Tuscany| align="center"|
Maternal Great-grandfather:[John of Saxony|}
Family
In 1896 he married princess Jelena of Montenegro (1873–1953), daughter of
Nicholas I of Montenegro, King of Montenegro. Their issue included:
Princess Yolanda Margherita of Savoy (1901-1986), married to Giorgio Carlo Calvi, Count Bergolo, (1887–1977);
Princess Mafalda of Savoy (1902–1944), married to Prince Philip of Hesse-Kassel (1896–1980) with issue; she died in the Nazism concentration camp at Buchenwald;
Humbert II of Italy, later Umberto II, King of Italy (1904–1983) married to Princess Marie José of Belgium, with issue.
Giovanna of Italy (1907–2000), married to Boris III of Bulgaria, King of Bulgaria, and mother of Simeon II, King and later Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
Maria Francesca of Savoy (1914–2001), who married Prince Luigi of Bourbon-Parma (1899–1967), with issue.
References
External links
- Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
- King Vittorio Emanuele III
{{Persondata],
Emperor of Ethiopia,
King of Albania, [1900, [1946, [Egypt-->
{{Infobox_Monarch | name =Victor Emanuel III| title =King of Italy, Caesar of Ethiopia, King of Albania, [1900 -
May 9, 1946, [1900| successor =[Umberto II of Italy| consort =Elena of Montenegro,
[Princess Mafalda of Savoy,
Umberto II of Italy,
Giovanna of Italy,
Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy.| royal house =House of Savoy| father =[Umberto I of Italy| mother =
Margherita of Savoy| date of birth =
November 11, 1869, [Italy, [1947, [Egypt, [1869 –
28 December, 1947) was King of Italy
Italy (29 July,
1900 – 9 May, 1946), briefly claimed the titles of
Emperor of Ethiopia Ethiopia (
1936–
1943) and
King of Albania Albania (1939–
1943). During his long reign, Victor Emmanuel III saw two world wars and the birth, rise and fall of
Fascism.
Biography
Early years
Victor Emanuel was born in
Naples, the only child of Umberto I of Italy, King of Italy and his consort, Margherita of Savoy, daughter of the duke of Genoa. He ascended the throne in 1900 upon his father's assassination.
The only advice that his father Umberto ever gave his heir was that "
Remember: to be a king, all you need to know is how to sign your name, read a newspaper, and mount a horse". His early years showed evidence that, by the standards of the Savoy monarchy, he was a man committed to constitutional government. Indeed, even though his father was killed by an anarchism, the new king showed a commitment to constitutional freedoms.
Though Italy was a parliamentary democracy, the monarchy possessed considerable residual powers, including the right to appoint the Prime Minister, even if the individual in question did not command majority support in the Chamber of Deputies. A shy and somewhat backward individual, the King hated the day-to-day stresses of Italian politics, though the country's chronic political instability forced him to intervene no less than ten times between 1900 and 1922 to prevent parliamentary crises.
When World War I began, Italy remained neutral at first. However, in
1915, Italy signed several secret treaties committing to enter the war on the side of the Allies. Most of the people opposed war, however, and the
Italian Chamber of Deputies forced
Prime Minister of Italy Antonio Salandra to resign. Victor Emmanuel, however, declined Salandra's resignation and made the decision to enter the war himself. He legally had the right to make this decision under the Statuto Albertino, popular opposition to the war notwithstanding. However, the corrupt and disorganised war effort, the stunning loss of life suffered by the Italian army, especially at the great defeat of
Battle of Caporetto, and the economic depression that followed the war turned the King against what he perceived as an inefficient political bourgeoisie.
Support to Mussolini
The economic depression had given rise to much extremism among the sorely-tried working classes, and Benito Mussolini took advantage of this instability for his rise to power, which led to the
March on Rome. Prime Minister Luigi Facta and his cabinet drafted a decree of martial law, but the King refused to sign it. The King suggested that his armed forces could not have defended the city against the Fascist march, though testimony from the military leaders and surviving military records challenge his claim.
Fascist violence had been growing in intensity throughout the summer and autumn of 1922, climaxing with the rumours of a possible coup. Victor Emmanuel had all the means at his disposal to sweep Mussolini and his rag-tag Blackshirt army to one side. Pietro Badoglio told the King that military would be able to rout the rebels, no more than 10,000 men, without any difficulty. Thereupon Victor Emmanuel ordered Luigi Facta, then Prime Minister, to protect Rome and draw up decree proclaiming martial law.
The troops were totally loyal to the King. Even
Cesare Maria De Vecchi, commander of the Blackshirts, and one of the organisers of the March on Rome, told Mussolini that he would not act against the wishes of the monarch. It was at this point that the Fascist leader considered leaving Italy altogether. But then, in the minute before midnight, he received a telegram from the King inviting him to Rome. By midday on 30 October he had been appointed Prime Minister, at the age of thirty-nine, with no previous experience of office, and with only 35 Fascist deputies in the Chamber. Thus it was that Italian democracy died.
Later, the King's failure, in the face of mounting evidence, to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power (including, as early as
1924, the notorious assassination of Giacomo Matteotti and other opposition MPs) led to much criticism. Though the King claimed in his memoirs that it was the fear of a civil war that motivated his actions, it would seem that he received some 'alternative' advice, possibly from Antonio Salandra, an ultra conservative politician and former Prime Minister, and Armando Diaz, that it would be better to do a deal with Mussolini. There were also pro-Fascist elements in his immediate family, including Margherita of Savoy, his mother.
Whatever the circumstances, Victor Emmanuel showed weakness in a position of strength, with dire future consequences for Italy and for the monarchy itself. It has been alleged that Victor Emmanuel's decisions showed not only poor judgment but also undemocratic sentiments. What is not in doubt is that Fascism offered political stability and opposition to
left-wing radicalism. This appealed to many people in Italy at the time, and certainly to the King. In many ways, the events from 1922 to 1943 demonstrated that the monarchy and the moneyed class, for different reasons, felt Mussolini and his regime offered an option that, after years of political chaos, was more appealing than what they perceived as the alternative:
socialism and anarchism. Both the spectre of the
Russian Revolution of 1917 and the tragedies of World War I played large roles in these political decisions.
The Italian monarchy enjoyed popular support for decades. Foreigners noted how even as late as the 1940s newsreel images of King Victor Emmanuel and his strikingly beautiful Queen Elena, born a Princess of Montenegro, evoked applause, sometimes cheering, when played in cinemas, in contrast to the hostile silence shown toward images of Fascist leaders. Several of Victor Emmanuel's decisions, however, proved fatal to the monarchy.
Among these was the assumption of the crown of Ethiopia, which was not universally accepted, after the Italian Army had invaded what was then known in the west as
Abyssinia and overthrown Emperor Haile Selassie, in 1935-36. In addition, Victor Emanuel kept a public silence in
1938, when the Fascist government, under Hitlerite pressure, issued its notorious racial purity laws, leaving his
Jewish subjects open to persecution. These laws (about which he did make some complaints to Mussolini in private) constituted a clear violation of both his Coronation oath and his Oath of office. The fact that large numbers of Italians risked their lives to save not only their Jewish fellow citizens but also Jewish refugees from other countries only deepened their contempt for a King who had dragged them into an alliance with the Germans that they had never wanted.
Final efforts to save crown & country
Victor Emmanuel called Mussolini to the palace on July 25, 1943; removed him from office and named Marshal
Pietro Badoglio as Mussolini's replacement. He then renounced the usurped Ethiopian and Albanian crowns in favor of the legitimate monarchs of those states, Emperor Haile Sellassie I of Ethiopia and King
Zog I of Albania.
Victor Emmanuel then made another blunder when he negotiated a surrender to the Allies without ordering the army to defend Rome. Left without orders, the army virtually disintegrated; those who didn't surrender joined forces with the Germans. Fearing a German advance, Victor Emmanuel and his government fled south to
Brindisi. This choice, though perhaps necessary for his safety, shocked many, including foreign observers. They drew contrasts to
George VI of the United Kingdom and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, who refused to leave London during the Blitz, and of Pope Pius XII, who mixed with Rome's crowds and prayed with them after the working class Roman neighborhood of
Quartiere San Lorenzo was bombed and destroyed.
Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son,
Umberto II of Italy, in
April 1943, then appointed him Luogotenente after Rome was liberated in
1944, (relinquishing his remaining power while retaining the royal title). Within a year, public opinion forced a plebiscite to decide between retaining the monarchy or becoming a republic. In hopes of influencing the vote, Victor Emmanuel formally abdicated on
May 9, 1946. It did not work; 54% of the voters favored declaring a republic in the referendum held less than a month later (although widespread irregularities in the vote have been alleged, particularly in southern Italy), and the Savoy family was required to leave the country.
Taking refuge in Egypt, Victor Emmanuel died in Alexandria in
1947 and was buried there.
Legacy
He has been seldom treated sympathetically by historians. His almost forced abdication on the eve of a
referendum on the future of the Italian monarchy achieved nothing — being too little, far too late. At worst, it reminded undecided voters of the role the monarchy and the King's own actions (or inactions) had played during the Fascist period, at precisely the moment when monarchists were hoping that voters would focus on the positive impression created by
Umberto II of Italy and
Marie-José of Belgium as the de facto monarchs of Italy since 1944. The 'May' King and Queen, Umberto and Maria José, in their brief, month-long reign, were unable to shift the burden of recent history and opinion.
Ancestors
{| class="wikitable"|+
Victor Emmanuel III's ancestors in three generations|-|-| rowspan="8" align="center"|
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy| rowspan="4" align="center"|
Father:[Umberto I of Italy| align="center"|
Paternal Great-grandfather:[Charles Albert of Sardinia|-| rowspan="2" align="center"|
Paternal Grandmother:[Maria Adelaide of Austria|-| align="center"|
Paternal Great-grandmother:[Princess Elisabeth of Savoy-Carignan| rowspan="2" align="center"|
Maternal Grandfather:[Ferdinand, 1st Duke of Genoa|-|align="center"|
Maternal Great-grandmother:[Maria Teresa of Tuscany| align="center"|
Maternal Great-grandfather:[John of Saxony|}
Family
In 1896 he married princess
Jelena of Montenegro (
1873–1953), daughter of
Nicholas I of Montenegro, King of
Montenegro. Their issue included:
Princess Yolanda Margherita of Savoy (1901-1986), married to Giorgio Carlo Calvi, Count Bergolo, (1887–1977);
Princess Mafalda of Savoy (1902–1944), married to Prince Philip of Hesse-Kassel (1896–1980) with issue; she died in the Nazism concentration camp at Buchenwald;
Humbert II of Italy, later Umberto II, King of Italy (1904–1983) married to Princess Marie José of Belgium, with issue.
Giovanna of Italy (1907–2000), married to Boris III of Bulgaria, King of Bulgaria, and mother of Simeon II, King and later Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
Maria Francesca of Savoy (1914–2001), who married Prince Luigi of Bourbon-Parma (1899–1967), with issue.
References
External links
- Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
- King Vittorio Emanuele III
{{Persondata], Emperor of Ethiopia,
King of Albania, [1900, [1946, [Egypt-->
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Victor Emmanuel III (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele III; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was a member of the House of Savoy and he was the King of Italy (29 July 1900 – 9 May ...
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about ...
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Information about Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in the Hutchinson encyclopedia.
Victor Emmanuel III - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Victor ...
Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947) King of Italy from the assassination of his father, Umberto I, in 1900. He acquiesced in the Fascist regime of Mussolini from 1922 and, after the ...
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy definition of Victor Emmanuel III of ...
Encyclopedia article about Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Information about Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing ...
Victor Emmanuel III definition of Victor Emmanuel III in the Free ...
Victor Emmanuel III, 1869–1947, king of Italy (1900–1946), emperor of Ethiopia (1936–43), king of Albania (1939–43), son and successor of Humbert I.
Victor Emmanuel III
King of Italy from the assassination of his father, Umberto I, in 1900 ... Tiscali Quicklinks. Please visit our Accessibility Page for a list of the Access Keys you can use to find ...
Category:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy - Wikimedia Commons
Pages in category "Victor Emmanuel III of Italy" This category contains only the following page. V. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
Victor Emmanuel
Victor Emmanuel abdicated in May 1946, but his son was rejected in a referendum and Italy became a republic. Victor Emmanuel III died in exile in Egypt in 1947.
Victor Emanuel III - definition of Victor Emanuel III by the Free ...
Noun: 1. Victor Emanuel III - king of Italy who appointed Mussolini prime ... Victor Emanuel III of Italy Victor Emanuel Lindstrand Victor Emery Victor Emmanuel
Victor Emmanuel III - definition of Victor Emmanuel III by the Free ...
Information about Victor Emmanuel III in the free online English dictionary ... Victor Emmanuel III Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
